Recommended Specification 26 June 2014
A diff of changes from the previous version is also available.
Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections.
Copyright © 2010-2013 International Digital Publishing Forum™
All rights reserved. This work is protected under Title 17 of the United States Code. Reproduction and dissemination of this work with changes is prohibited except with the written permission of the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF).
EPUB is a registered trademark of the International Digital Publishing Forum.
Table of Contents
application/epub+zip Media Type
This section is informative
This specification, EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0.1, defines a file format and processing model for encapsulating the set of related resources that comprise an EPUB® Publication into a single-file container.
This specification is one of a family of related specifications that compose EPUB 3, the third major revision of an interchange and delivery format for digital publications based on XML and Web Standards. It is meant to be read and understood in concert with the other specifications that make up EPUB 3:
The EPUB 3 Overview [EPUB3Overview], which provides an informative overview of EPUB and a roadmap to the rest of the EPUB 3 documents. The Overview should be read first.
EPUB Publications 3.0.1 [Publications301], which defines the semantics and overarching conformance requirements for each Rendition of an EPUB Publication.
EPUB Content Documents 3.0.1 [ContentDocs301], which defines profiles of XHTML, SVG and CSS for use in the context of EPUB Publications.
EPUB Media Overlays 3.0.1 [MediaOverlays301], which defines a format and a processing model for synchronization of text and audio.
OCF is the required container technology for EPUB Publications. OCF may play a role in the following workflows:
During the preparation steps in producing an EPUB Publication, OCF may be used as the container format when exchanging an in-progress EPUB Publication between different individuals and/or different organizations.
When providing an EPUB Publication from publisher or conversion house to the distribution or sales channel, OCF is the recommended container format to be used as the transport format.
When delivering the final EPUB Publication to an EPUB Reading System or User, OCF is the required format for the container that holds all of the assets that make up the EPUB Publication.
The OCF specification defines the rules for structuring the file collection in the abstract: the "abstract container". It also defines the rules for the representation of this abstract container within a ZIP archive: the "physical container". The rules for ZIP physical containers build upon the ZIP technologies used by [ODF]. OCF also defines a standard method for obfuscating embedded resources, such as fonts, for those EPUB Publications that require this functionality.
This specification supersedes Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0 [OCF30]. Refer to [EPUB3Changes] for information on differences between this specification and its predecessor.
A collection of one or more Renditions conforming to this specification and its sibling specifications , packaged in an EPUB Container.
An EPUB Publication typically represents a single intellectual or artistic work, but this specification and its sibling specifications do not circumscribe the nature of the content.
A logical document entity consisting of a set of interrelated resources representing one rendering of an EPUB Publication.
The Rendition listed in the first rootfile element in the container.xml file.
A resource that contains content or instructions that contribute to the logic and rendering of at least one Rendition of an EPUB Publication. In the absence of this resource, the EPUB Publication might not render as intended by the Author. Examples of Publication Resources include a Rendition's Package Document, EPUB Content Document, EPUB Style Sheets, audio, video, images, embedded fonts and scripts.
With the exception of the Package Document itself, the Publication Resources required to render a Rendition are listed in that Rendition's manifest [Publications301] and bundled in the EPUB Container file (unless specified otherwise in Publication Resource Locations [Publications301] ).
Examples of resources that are not Publication Resources include those identified by the Package Document
link
[Publications301]
element and those identified in outbound hyperlinks that resolve outside the EPUB Container (e.g., referenced from an [HTML5]
a
element href attribute).
A Publication Resource that conforms to one of the EPUB Content Document definitions (XHTML or SVG).
An EPUB Content Document is a Core Media Type, and may therefore be included in the EPUB Publication without the provision of fallbacks [Publications301] .
An EPUB Content Document conforming to the profile of [HTML5] defined in XHTML Content Documents [ContentDocs301] .
XHTML Content Documents use the XHTML syntax of [HTML5].
An EPUB Content Document conforming to the constraints expressed in SVG Content Documents [ContentDocs301] .
A set of Publication Resource types for which no fallback is required. Refer to Publication Resources [Publications301] for more information.
A Publication Resource carrying bibliographical and structural metadata about a given Rendition of an EPUB Publication, as defined in Package Documents [Publications301] .
The Unique Identifier is the primary identifier for an EPUB Publication, as identified by the
unique-identifier
attribute. The Unique Identifier may be shared by one or many Renditions of the same EPUB Publication that conform to the EPUB standard and embody the same content.
The Unique Identifier is less granular than the ISBN. However, significant revision, abridgement, etc. of the content requires a new Unique Identifier.
A CSS Style Sheet conforming to the CSS profile defined in EPUB Style Sheets [ContentDocs301] .
The region of an EPUB Reading System in which the content of an EPUB Publication is rendered visually to a User.
The ZIP-based packaging and distribution format for EPUB Publications defined in OCF ZIP Container .
A software application that processes EPUB Containers according to this specification.
The root directory represents the base of the Abstract Container file system. This directory is virtual in nature: a Reading System might or might not generate a physical root directory for the contents of the Abstract Container if the contents are unzipped.
The person(s) or organization responsible for the creation of an EPUB Publication, which is not necessarily the creator of the content and resources it contains.
An individual that consumes an EPUB Publication using an EPUB Reading System.
A system that processes EPUB Publications for presentation to a User in a manner conformant with this specification and its sibling specifications .
The following typographic conventions are used in this specification:
markup
All markup (elements, attributes, properties), code (JavaScript, pseudo-code), machine processable values (string, characters, media types) and file names are in red-orange monospace font.
markup
Links to markup and code definitions are underlined and in red-orange monospace font. Only the first instance in each section is linked.
http://www.idpf.org/
URIs are in navy blue monospace font.
Hyperlinks are underlined and in blue.
Normative and informative references are enclosed in square brackets.
Terms defined in the Terminology are in capital case.
Links to term definitions have a dotted blue underline. Only the first instance in each section is linked.
Normative element, attribute and property definitions are in blue boxes.
Informative markup examples are in white boxes.
Informative notes are in yellow boxes with a "Note" header.
Informative cautionary note are in red boxes with a "Caution" header.
The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
All sections of this specification are normative except where identified by the informative status label "This section is informative". The application of informative status to sections and appendices applies to all child content and subsections they may contain.
All examples in this specification are informative.
› An OCF Abstract Container must meet the conformance constraints defined in OCF Abstract Container .
› An OCF ZIP Container (also referred to as an EPUB Container) must meet the conformance constraints defined in OCF ZIP Container .
An EPUB Reading System must meet all of the following criteria:
› It must process the OCF ZIP Container in conformance with all Reading System conformance constraints expressed in OCF ZIP Container .
› If it has a Viewport, it must support deobfuscation of resources as defined in Resource Obfuscation .
This section is informative
An OCF Abstract Container defines a file system model for the contents of the container. The file system model uses a single common Root Directory for all of the contents of the container. All (non-remote) resources for embedded Renditions are located within the directory tree headed by the container’s root directory, although no specific file system structure is mandated for this. The file system model also includes a mandatory directory named META-INF that is a direct child of the container's root directory and is used to store the following special files:
container.xml
[required]
Identifies the file that is the point of entry for each embedded Rendition of the EPUB Publication.
signatures.xml
[optional]
Contains digital signatures for various assets.
encryption.xml
[optional]
Contains information about the encryption of Publication Resources. (This file is required when obfuscation is used.)
metadata.xml
[optional]
Used to store metadata about the EPUB Container.
rights.xml
[optional]
Used to store information about digital rights.
manifest.xml
[allowed]
A manifest of container contents as allowed by Open Document Format [ODF].
Complete conformance requirements for the various files in META-INF are found in META-INF.
The virtual file system for the OCF Abstract Container must have a single common Root Directory for all of the contents of the container.
The OCF Abstract Container must include a directory named META-INF that is a direct child of the container's root directory. Requirements for the contents of this directory are described in META-INF.
The file name mimetype in the root directory is reserved for use by OCF ZIP Containers, as explained in
OCF ZIP Container
.
All other files within the OCF Abstract Container may be in any location descendant from the container's root directory except within the META-INF directory.
It is recommended that the contents of the EPUB Publication be stored within its own dedicated directory under the container's root.
Files within the OCF Abstract Container must reference each other via Relative IRI References ([RFC3987] and [RFC3986]). For example, if a file named chapter1.html references an image file named image1.jpg that is located in the same directory, then chapter1.html might contain the following as part of its content:
<img src="image1.jpg" alt="…" />
For Relative IRI References, the Base IRI [RFC3986] is determined by the relevant language specifications for the given file formats. For example, the CSS specification defines how relative IRI references work in the context of CSS style sheets and property declarations. Note that some language specifications reference RFCs that preceded RFC3987, in which case the earlier RFC applies for content in that particular language.
Unlike most language specifications, the Base IRIs for all files within the META-INF directory use the Root Directory for the Abstract Container as the default Base IRI. For example, if META-INF/container.xml has the following content:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<container version="1.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">
<rootfiles>
<rootfile full-path="EPUB/Great Expectations.opf"
media-type="application/oebps-package+xml" />
</rootfiles>
</container>
then the path EPUB/Great Expectations.opf is relative to the root directory for the OCF Abstract Container and not relative to the META-INF directory.
The term File Name represents the name of any type of file, either a directory or an ordinary file within a directory within an OCF Abstract Container.
For a given directory within the OCF Abstract Container, the
Path Name
is a string holding all directory File Names in the full path concatenated together with a / (U+002F) character separating the directory File Names. For a given file within the Abstract Container, the Path Name is the string holding all directory File Names concatenated together with a / character separating the directory File Names, followed by a / character and then the File Name of the file.
The File Name restrictions described below are designed to allow Path Names and File Names to be used without modification on most commonly used operating systems. This specification does not specify how an OCF Processor that is unable to represent OCF File and Path Names would compensate for this incompatibility.
In the context of an OCF Abstract Container, File and Path Names must meet all of the following criteria:
› File Names must not exceed 255 bytes.
› The Path Name for any directory or file within the Abstract Container must not exceed 65535 bytes.
› File Names must not use the following [Unicode] characters, as these characters might not be supported consistently across commonly-used operating systems:
SOLIDUS: / (U+002F)
QUOTATION MARK: " (U+0022)
ASTERISK: * (U+002A)
FULL STOP as the last character: . (U+002E)
COLON: : (U+003A)
LESS-THAN SIGN: < (U+003C)
GREATER-THAN SIGN: > (U+003E)
QUESTION MARK: ? (U+003F)
REVERSE SOLIDUS: \ (U+005C)
DEL (U+007F)
C0 range (U+0000 … U+001F)
C1 range (U+0080 … U+009F)
Private Use Area (U+E000 … U+F8FF)
Non characters in Arabic Presentation Forms-A (U+FDDO … U+FDEF)
Specials (U+FFF0 … U+FFFF)
Tags and Variation Selectors Supplement (U+E0000 … U+E0FFF)
Supplementary Private Use Area-A (U+F0000 … U+FFFFF)
Supplementary Private Use Area-B (U+100000 … U+10FFFF)
› File Names are case sensitive.
› All File Names within the same directory must be unique following case normalization as described in section 3.13 of [Unicode].
› All File Names within the same directory should be unique following NFC or NFD normalization [TR15].
Some commercial ZIP tools do not support the full Unicode range and may support only the ASCII range for File Names. Content creators who want to use ZIP tools that have these restrictions may find it is best to restrict their File Names to the ASCII range. If the names of files cannot be preserved during the unzipping process, it will be necessary to compensate for any name translation which took place when the files are referenced by URI from within the content.
All OCF Abstract Containers must include a directory called META-INF. This directory contains the files specified below. Files other than the ones defined below may be included in the META-INF directory; OCF Processors must not fail when encountering such files.
All OCF Containers must include a file called container.xml within the META-INF directory. The container.xml file must identify the media type of, and path to, the root file for each of the Renditions of the EPUB Publication included within the Container.
The container.xml file must not be encrypted.
The schema for container.xml files is available in Schema for container.xml
; container.xml files must be valid according to this schema after removing all elements and attributes from other namespaces (including all attributes and contents of such elements).
The rootfiles element must contain one or more rootfile elements, each of which must uniquely reference a Package Document representing a single Rendition of an EPUB Publication. If more than one Rendition is stored in an OCF, each must be a different rendering of the same EPUB Publication.
An OCF Processor must consider the first rootfile element within the rootfiles element to represent the Default Rendition for the contained EPUB Publication. Reading Systems are not required to use any Rendition except the default one.
The following example shows a sample container.xml for an EPUB Publication with the root file EPUB/My Crazy Life.opf (the Package Document):
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<container version="1.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">
<rootfiles>
<rootfile full-path="EPUB/My Crazy Life.opf"
media-type="application/oebps-package+xml" />
</rootfiles>
</container>
The following example shows SVG and XHTML Renditions of The Sandman bundled in the same container:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<container version="1.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">
<rootfiles>
<rootfile full-path="SVG/Sandman.opf"
media-type="application/oebps-package+xml" />
<rootfile full-path="XHTML/Sandman.opf"
media-type="application/oebps-package+xml" />
</rootfiles>
</container>
The manifest element contained within the Package Document specifies the one and only manifest used for processing a given Rendition. Ancillary manifest information contained in the ZIP archive or in the optional manifest.xml file must not be used for processing the Rendition. Any extra files in the ZIP archive must not be used in the processing of the Rendition (i.e., files within the ZIP archive that are not listed within the Package Document's manifest element, such as META-INF files or or resources specific to other Renditions of the EPUB Publication).
The container.xml file may include a links element following the rootfiles element, which, when present, must contain one or more link elements. Each link element must include an href attribute whose value identifies the location of a resource necessary for the processing of the EPUB Container. Each link element also must include a rel attribute whose value identifies the relationship of the resource, and may include a media-type attribute whose value must be a media type [RFC2046] that specifies the type and format of the resource referenced by the link.
The value of the rootfile element full-path attribute and the link element href attribute must contain a path component (as defined by RFC3986) which must take the form of a path-rootless only (also defined by RFC 3986). The path components are relative to the root of the container in which they are used.
OCF Processors must ignore foreign elements and attributes within a container.xml file.
An optional encryption.xml file within the META-INF directory at the root level of the container file system holds all encryption information on the contents of the container. If any resource within the container is encrypted, encryption.xml
must be present to indicate that the resource is encrypted and provide information on how it is encrypted.
This file is an XML document whose root element is encryption. The encryption element contains child elements of type EncryptedKey and EncryptedData as defined by [XML ENC Core]. An EncryptedKey element describes each encryption key used in the container, while an EncryptedData element describes each encrypted file. Each EncryptedData element refers to an EncryptedKey element, as described in XML Encryption.
The schema for encryption.xml files is available in Schema for encryption.xml
; encryption.xml files must be valid according to this schema.
OCF encrypts individual files independently, trading off some security for improved performance, allowing the container contents to be incrementally decrypted. Encryption in this way exposes the directory structure and file naming of the whole package.
OCF uses XML Encryption [XML ENC Core] to provide a framework for encryption, allowing a variety of algorithms to be used. XML Encryption specifies a process for encrypting arbitrary data and representing the result in XML. Even though an OCF Abstract Container may contain non-XML data, XML Encryption can be used to encrypt all data in an OCF Abstract Container. OCF encryption supports only the encryption of entire files within the container, not parts of files. The encryption.xml file, if present, must not be encrypted.
Encrypted data replaces unencrypted data in an OCF Abstract Container. For example, if an image named photo.jpeg is encrypted, the contents of the photo.jpeg resource should be replaced by its encrypted contents. When stored in a ZIP container, streams of data must be compressed before they are encrypted and Deflate compression must be used. Within the ZIP directory, encrypted files should be stored rather than Deflate-compressed.
Note that some situations require obfuscating the storage of embedded resources referenced by a Rendition to tie them to the "parent" EPUB Publication and make them more difficult to extract for unrestricted use (e.g., fonts). Although obfuscation is not encryption, the encryption.xml file is used in conjunction with the IDPF resource obfuscation algorithm to identify resources that need to be de-obfuscated before they can be used.
The following files must not be encrypted, regardless of whether default or specific encryption is requested:
mimetype
|
META-INF/container.xml
|
META-INF/encryption.xml
|
META-INF/manifest.xml
|
META-INF/metadata.xml
|
META-INF/rights.xml
|
META-INF/signatures.xml
|
EPUB rootfile (the Package Document) |
Signed resources may subsequently be encrypted using the Decryption Transform for XML Signature [XML SIG Decrypt]. This feature enables an application such as an OCF agent to distinguish data that was encrypted before signing from data that was encrypted after signing. Only data that was encrypted after signing must be decrypted before computing the digest used to validate the signature.
In the following example, adapted from Section 2.2.1 of [XML ENC Core] the resource image.jpeg is encrypted using a symmetric key algorithm (AES) and the symmetric key is further encrypted using an asymmetric key algorithm (RSA) with a key of John Smith.
<encryption
xmlns ="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container"
xmlns:enc="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#"
xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<enc:EncryptedKey Id="EK">
<enc:EncryptionMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#rsa-1_5"/>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyName>John Smith</ds:KeyName>
</ds:KeyInfo>
<enc:CipherData>
<enc:CipherValue>xyzabc</enc:CipherValue>
</enc:CipherData>
</enc:EncryptedKey>
<enc:EncryptedData Id="ED1">
<enc:EncryptionMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes128"/>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:RetrievalMethod URI="#EK"
Type="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#EncryptedKey"/>
</ds:KeyInfo>
<enc:CipherData>
<enc:CipherReference URI="image.jpeg"/>
</enc:CipherData>
</enc:EncryptedData>
</encryption>
An optional file with the reserved name manifest.xml
may be included within the META-INF directory at the root level of the container file system.
The manifest.xml file, if present, must not be encrypted.
An optional file with the reserved name metadata.xml
may be included within the META-INF directory at the root level of the container file system. This file, if present, must be used for container-level metadata.
If the META-INF/metadata.xml file is present, its contents should be only namespace-qualified elements [XMLNS]. The file should contain the root element metadata in the namespace http://www.idpf.org/2013/metadata, but other root elements are allowed for backwards compatibility. Reading Systems should ignore metadata.xml files with unrecognized root elements.
This version of the OCF specification does not define metadata for use in the metadata.xml file. Container-level metadata may be defined in future versions of this specification and in IDPF-defined EPUB extension specifications.
The metadata.xml file, if present, must not be encrypted.
An optional file with the reserved name rights.xml
may be included within the META-INF directory at the root level of the container file system. This file is reserved for digital rights management (DRM) information for trusted exchange of EPUB Publications among rights holders, intermediaries, and users. This version of the OCF specification does not specify a required format for DRM information, but a future version may specify a particular format for DRM information.
If the META-INF/rights.xml file is present, its contents should be only namespace-qualified elements [XMLNS] to avoid collision with future versions of OCF that may specify a particular format for this file.
The rights.xml file must not be encrypted.
When the rights.xml file is not present, the OCF container provides no information indicating any part of the container is rights governed.
An optional signatures.xml within the META-INF directory at the root level of the container file system holds digital signatures of the container and its contents. This file is an XML document whose root element is signatures. The signatures element contains child elements of type Signature as defined by [XML DSIG Core]. Signatures can be applied to any Rendition of an EPUB Publication as a whole or to parts of the Renditions. XML Signature can specify the signing of any kind of data, not just XML.
The signatures.xml file must not be encrypted.
When the signatures.xml file is not present, the OCF container provides no information indicating any part of the container is digitally signed at the container level. It is possible that digital signing exists within any of the contained Renditions, however.
The schema for signatures.xml files is available in Schema for signatures.xml
; signatures.xml files must be valid according to this schema.
When an OCF agent creates a signature of data in a container, it should add the new signature as the last child Signature element of the signatures element in the signatures.xml file.
Each Signature in the signatures.xml file identifies by IRI the data to which the signature applies, using the XML Signature Manifest element and its Reference sub-elements. Individual contained files may be signed separately or together. Separately signing each file creates a digest value for the resource that can be validated independently. This approach may make a Signature element larger. If files are signed together, the set of signed files can be listed in a single XML Signature Manifest element and referenced by one or more Signature elements.
Any or all files in the container can be signed in their entirety with the exception of the signatures.xml file since that file will contain the computed signature information. Whether and how the signatures.xml file should be signed depends on the objective of the signer.
If the signer wants to allow signatures to be added or removed from the container without invalidating the signer’s signature, the signatures.xml file should not be signed.
If the signer wants any addition or removal of a signature to invalidate the signer’s signature, the Enveloped Signature transform (defined in Section 6.6.4 of [XML DSIG Core]) can be used to sign the entire preexisting signature file excluding the Signature being created. This transform would sign all previous signatures, and it would become invalid if a subsequent signature was added to the package.
If the signer wants the removal of an existing signature to invalidate the signer’s signature but also wants to allow the addition of signatures, an XPath transform can be used to sign just the existing signatures. (This is only a suggestion. The particular XPath transform is not a part of the OCF specification.)
XML-Signature does not associate any semantics with a signature; an agent may include semantic information, for example, by adding information to the Signature element that describes the signature. XML Signature describes how additional information can be added to a signature (for example, by using the SignatureProperties element).
The following XML expression shows the content of an example signatures.xml file, and is based on the examples found in Section 2 of [XML DSIG Core]. It contains one signature, and the signature applies to two resources, OEBFPS/book.html and OEBFPS/images/cover.jpeg, in the container.
<signatures xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">
<Signature Id="sig" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<SignedInfo>
<CanonicalizationMethod
Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"/>
<SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1"/>
<Reference URI="#Manifest1">
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue>j6lwx3rvEPO0vKtMup4NbeVu8nk=</DigestValue>
</Reference>
</SignedInfo>
<SignatureValue>…</SignatureValue>
<KeyInfo>
<KeyValue>
<DSAKeyValue>
<P>…</P><Q>…</Q><G>…</G><Y>…</Y>
</DSAKeyValue>
</KeyValue>
</KeyInfo>
<Object>
<Manifest Id="Manifest1">
<Reference URI="OEBFPS/book.xml">
<Transforms>
<Transform
Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"/>
</Transforms>
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue></DigestValue>
</Reference>
<Reference URI="OEBFPS/images/cover.jpeg">
<Transforms>
<Transform
Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"/>
</Transforms>
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue></DigestValue>
</Reference>
</Manifest>
</Object>
</Signature>
</signatures>
This section is informative
An OCF ZIP Container is a physical single-file manifestation of an abstract container.
An OCF ZIP Container uses the ZIP format as specified by [ZIP APPNOTE 6.3.3], but with the following constraints and clarifications:
› The contents of the OCF ZIP Container must be a conforming abstract container.
› OCF ZIP Containers must not use the features in the ZIP application note that allow ZIP files to be split across multiple storage media. OCF Processors must treat any OCF files that specify that the ZIP file is split across multiple storage media as being in error.
› OCF ZIP Containers must include only stored (uncompressed) and Deflate-compressed ZIP entries within the ZIP archive. OCF Processors must treat any OCF Containers that use compression techniques other than Deflate as being in error.
› OCF ZIP Containers may use the ZIP64 extensions defined as "Version 1" in section V, subsection G of the application note at [ZIP APPNOTE 6.3.3] and should use only those extensions when the content requires them. OCF Processors must support the ZIP64 extensions defined as "Version 1".
› OCF ZIP Containers must not use the encryption features defined by the ZIP format; instead, encryption must be done using the features described in Encryption – META-INF/encryption.xml. OCF Processors must treat any other OCF ZIP Containers that use ZIP encryption features as being in error.
› It is not a requirement that OCF Processors preserve information from an OCF ZIP Container through load and save operations that is not defined within the OCF Abstract Container; in particular, an OCF Processor does not have to preserve CRC values, comment fields or fields that hold file system information corresponding to a particular operating system (e.g., External file attributes and Extra field).
› OCF ZIP Containers must encode File System Names using UTF-8 [Unicode].
The following constraints apply to particular fields in the OCF ZIP Container archive:
› In the local file header table, OCF ZIP Containers must set the version needed to extract fields to the values 10, 20 or 45 in order to match the maximum version level needed by the given file (e.g., 20 if Deflate is needed, 45 if ZIP64 is needed). OCF Processors must treat any other values as being in error.
› In the local file header table, OCF ZIP Containers must set the compression method field to the values 0 or 8. OCF Processors must treat any other values as being in error.
› OCF Processors must treat OCF ZIP Containers with an Archive decryption header or an Archive extra data record as being in error.
OCF ZIP Containers must include a mimetype file as the first file in the Container, and the contents of this file must be the MIME type string application/epub+zip encoded in US-ASCII [US-ASCII].
The contents of the mimetype file must not contain any leading padding or whitespace, must not begin with the Unicode signature (or Byte Order Mark), and the case of the MIME type string must be exactly as presented above. The mimetype file additionally must not be compressed or encrypted, and there must not be an extra field in its ZIP header.
Refer to Appendix C, The application/epub+zip Media Type
for further information about the application/epub+zip media type.
This section is informative
Since an OCF Zip Container is fundamentally a ZIP file, commonly available ZIP tools can be used to extract any unencrypted content stream from the package. Moreover, the nature of ZIP files means that their contents may appear like any other native container on some systems (e.g., a folder).
While this simplicity of ZIP files is quite useful, it also poses a problem when ease of extraction of resources is not a desired side-effect of not encrypting them. An Author who wishes to include a third-party font, for example, typically does not want that font extracted and re-used by others. More critically, many commercial fonts allow embedding, but embedding a font implies making it an integral part of the EPUB Publication, not just providing the original font file along with the content.
Since integrated ZIP support is so ubiquitous in modern operating systems, simply placing a font in the ZIP archive is insufficient to signify that it is not intended to be reused in other contexts. This uncertainty can undermine the otherwise very useful font embedding capability of EPUB Publications.
In order to discourage reuse of the font, some font vendors may only allow use of their fonts in EPUB Publications if those fonts are bound in some way to the EPUB Publication. That is, if the font file cannot be installed directly for use on an operating system with the built-in tools of that computing device, and it cannot be directly used by other EPUB Publications.
It is beyond the scope of this specification to provide a digital rights management or enforcement system for such resources. This section instead defines a method of obfuscation that will require additional work on the part of the final OCF recipient to gain general access to any obfuscated resources.
Note that no claim is made in this specification, or by the IDPF, that this constitutes encryption, nor does it guarantee that the resource will be secure from copyright infringement. It is the hope of the IDPF, however, that this algorithm will meet the requirements of most vendors who require some assurance that their resources cannot simply be extracted by unzipping the Container.
In the case of fonts, the primary use case for obfuscation, the defined mechanism will simply provide a stumbling block for those who are unaware of the license details. It will not prevent a determined user from gaining full access to the font. Given an OCF Container, it is possible to apply the algorithms defined to extract the raw font file. Whether this method of obfuscation satisfies the requirements of individual font licenses remains a question for the licensor and licensee.
The key used in the obfuscation algorithm is derived from the Unique Identifier of the Default Rendition.
All whitespace characters, as defined by the XML 1.0 specification [XML], section 2.3, must be removed from this identifier — specifically, the Unicode code points U+0020, U+0009, U+000D and U+000A.
A SHA-1 digest of the UTF-8 representation of the resulting string should be generated as specified by the Secure Hash Standard [SHA-1]. This digest is then directly used as the key for the algorithm.
The algorithm employed to obfuscate resource consists of modifying the first 1040 bytes (~1KB) of the file. In the unlikely event that the file is less than 1040 bytes, then the entire file will be modified.
To obfuscate the original data, the result of performing a logical exclusive or (XOR) on the first byte of the raw file and the first byte of the obfuscation key is stored as the first byte of the embedded resource.
This process is repeated with the next byte of source and key, and continues until all bytes in the key have been used. At this point, the process continues starting with the first byte of the key and 21st byte of the source. Once 1040 bytes have been encoded in this way (or the end of the source is reached), any remaining data in the source is directly copied to the destination.
Obfuscation of resources must occur before they are compressed and added to the OCF Container. Note that as obfuscation is not encryption, this requirement is not a violation of the one in Encryption – META-INF/encryption.xml to compress resources before encrypting them.
The following pseudo-code exemplifies the obfuscation algorithm.
set ocf to OCF container file
set source to file
set destination to obfuscated file
set keyData to key for file
set outer to 0
while outer < 52 and not (source at EOF)
set inner to 0
while inner < 20 and not (source at EOF)
read 1 byte from source //Assumes read advances file position
set sourceByte to result of read
set keyByte to byte inner of keyData
set obfuscatedByte to (sourceByte XOR keyByte)
write obfuscatedByte to destination
increment inner
end while
increment outer
end while
if not (source at EOF) then
read source to EOF
write result of read to destination
end if
Deflate destination
store destination as source in ocf
To get the original font data back, the process is simply reversed: the source file becomes the obfuscated data and the destination file will contain the raw data.
The obfuscation of fonts was allowed prior to EPUB 3.0.1, but the order of obfuscation and compression was not specified. As a result, invalid fonts might be encountered after decompression and de-obfuscation. In such instances, de-obfuscating the data before inflating it may return a valid font. Supporting this method of retrieval is optional, as it is not compliant with this version of this specification, but needs to be considered when supporting EPUB 3 content generally.
Although not technically encrypted data, all obfuscated resources must have an entry in the encryption.xml file accompanying the EPUB Publication (see Encryption – META-INF/encryption.xml).
An EncryptionMethod element must be included for each obfuscated resource. Each must include a child EncryptedData element whose Algorithm attribute is set to the value http://www.idpf.org/2008/embedding. The presence of this attribute signals the use of the algorithm described in this specification. The path to the obfuscated resource must be listed in the CipherReference child of the CipherData element.
The following example shows an entry for an obfuscated font in the encryption.xml file.
<encryption
xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container"
xmlns:enc="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#">
<enc:EncryptedData>
<enc:EncryptionMethod Algorithm="http://www.idpf.org/2008/embedding"/>
<enc:CipherData>
<enc:CipherReference URI="EPUB/Fonts/BKANT.TTF"/>
</enc:CipherData>
</enc:EncryptedData>
</encryption>
To prevent trivial copying of the embedded resource to other EPUB Publications, the obfuscation key
must not be provided in the encryption.xml file.
container.xml
The schema for container.xml files is available at
http://www.idpf.org/epub/301/schema/ocf-container-30.rnc
.
Validation using this schema requires a processor that supports [RelaxNG] and [XSD-DATATYPES].
encryption.xml
The schema for encryption.xml files is included in [XML Sec RNG Schemas].
signatures.xml
The schema for signatures.xml files is included in [XML Sec RNG Schemas].
This appendix is informative
The following example demonstrates the use of this OCF format to contain a signed and encrypted EPUB Publication within a ZIP Container.
Example B.1. Ordered list of files in the ZIP Container
mimetype META-INF/container.xml META-INF/signatures.xml META-INF/encryption.xml EPUB/As You Like It.opf EPUB/book.html EPUB/nav.html EPUB/toc.ncx EPUB/images/cover.png
Example B.3. The contents of the META-INF/container.xml file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<container version="1.0" xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">
<rootfiles>
<rootfile full-path="EPUB/As You Like It.opf"
media-type="application/oebps-package+xml" />
</rootfiles>
</container>
Example B.4. The contents of the META-INF/signatures.xml file
<signatures xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container">
<Signature Id="AsYouLikeItSignature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<!-- SignedInfo is the information that is actually signed. In this case -->
<!-- the SHA1 algorithm is used to sign the canonical form of the XML -->
<!-- documents enumerated in the Object element below -->
<SignedInfo>
<CanonicalizationMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"/>
<SignatureMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#dsa-sha1"/>
<Reference URI="#AsYouLikeIt">
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue>…</DigestValue>
</Reference>
</SignedInfo>
<!-- The signed value of the digest above using the DSA algorithm -->
<SignatureValue>…</SignatureValue>
<!-- The key to use to validate the signature -->
<KeyInfo>
<KeyValue>
<DSAKeyValue>
<P>…</P>
<Q>…</Q>
<G>…</G>
<Y>…</Y>
</DSAKeyValue>
</KeyValue>
</KeyInfo>
<!-- The list documents to sign. Note that the canonical form of XML -->
<!-- documents is signed while the binary form of the other documents -->
<!-- is used -->
<Object>
<Manifest Id="AsYouLikeIt">
<Reference URI="EPUB/As You Like It.opf">
<Transforms>
<Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"/>
</Transforms>
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue></DigestValue>
</Reference>
<Reference URI="EPUB/book.html">
<Transforms>
<Transform Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/TR/2001/REC-xml-c14n-20010315"/>
</Transforms>
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue></DigestValue>
</Reference>
<Reference URI="EPUB/images/cover.png">
<DigestMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#sha1"/>
<DigestValue></DigestValue>
</Reference>
</Manifest>
</Object>
</Signature>
</signatures>
Example B.5. The contents of the META-INF/encryption.xml file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<encryption xmlns="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:container"
xmlns:enc="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#" xmlns:ds="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#">
<!-- The RSA encrypted AES-128 symmetric key used to encrypt the data -->
<enc:EncryptedKey Id="EK">
<enc:EncryptionMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#rsa-1_5"/>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:KeyName>John Smith</ds:KeyName>
</ds:KeyInfo>
<enc:CipherData>
<enc:CipherValue>xyzabc…</enc:CipherValue>
</enc:CipherData>
</enc:EncryptedKey>
<!-- Each EncryptedData block identifies a single document that has been -->
<!-- encrypted using the AES-128 algorithm. The data remains stored in it’s -->
<!-- encrypted form in the original file within the container. -->
<enc:EncryptedData Id="ED1">
<enc:EncryptionMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes128"/>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:RetrievalMethod URI="#EK" Type="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#EncryptedKey"/>
</ds:KeyInfo>
<enc:CipherData>
<enc:CipherReference URI="EPUB/book.html"/>
</enc:CipherData>
</enc:EncryptedData>
<enc:EncryptedData Id="ED2">
<enc:EncryptionMethod Algorithm="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#kw-aes128"/>
<ds:KeyInfo>
<ds:RetrievalMethod URI="#EK" Type="http://www.w3.org/2001/04/xmlenc#EncryptedKey"/>
</ds:KeyInfo>
<enc:CipherData>
<enc:CipherReference URI="EPUB/images/cover.png"/>
</enc:CipherData>
</enc:EncryptedData>
</encryption>
Example B.6. The contents of the EPUB/As You Like It.opf file
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<package version="3.0"
xml:lang="en"
xmlns="http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf"
unique-identifier="pub-id">
<metadata xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">
<dc:identifier
id="pub-id">urn:uuid:B9B412F2-CAAD-4A44-B91F-A375068478A0</dc:identifier>
<meta refines="#pub-id"
property="identifier-type"
scheme="xsd:string">uuid</meta>
<dc:language>en</dc:language>
<dc:title>As You Like It</dc:title>
<dc:creator id="creator">William Shakespeare</dc:creator>
<meta refines="#creator"
property="role"
scheme="marc:relators">aut</meta>
<meta property="dcterms:modified">2000-03-24T00:00:00Z</meta>
<dc:publisher>Project Gutenberg</dc:publisher>
<dc:date>2000-03-24</dc:date>
<meta property="dcterms:dateCopyrighted">9999-01-01</meta>
<dc:identifier
id="isbn13">urn:isbn:9780741014559</dc:identifier>
<meta refines="#isbn13"
property="identifier-type"
scheme="onix:codelist5">15</meta>
<dc:identifier id="isbn10">0-7410-1455-6</dc:identifier>
<meta refines="#isbn10"
property="identifier-type"
scheme="onix:codelist5">2</meta>
<link rel="xml-signature"
href="../META-INF/signatures.xml#AsYouLikeItSignature"/>
</metadata>
<manifest>
<item id="r4915"
href="book.html"
media-type="application/xhtml+xml"/>
<item id="r7184"
href="images/cover.png"
media-type="image/png"/>
<item id="nav"
href="nav.html"
media-type="application/xhtml+xml"
properties="nav"/>
<item id="ncx"
href="toc.ncx"
media-type="application/x-dtbncx+xml"/>
</manifest>
<spine toc="ncx">
<itemref idref="r4915"/>
</spine>
</package>
application/epub+zip Media TypeThis appendix is informative
This appendix registers the media type application/epub+zip for the EPUB Open Container Format (OCF).
An OCF file is a container technology based on the ZIP archive format. It is used to encapsulate the Renditions of EPUB Publications. OCF and its related standards are maintained and defined by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF).
application
epub+zip
None.
None.
OCF files are binary files in ZIP (
http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/zip
) format.
All processors that read OCF files should rigorously check the size and validity of data retrieved.
In addition, because of the various content types that can be embedded in OCF files, it is possible that application/epub+zip may describe content that has security implications beyond those described here. However, only in the case where the processor recognizes and processes the additional content, or where further processing of that content is dispatched to other processors, would security issues potentially arise. And in that case, they would fall outside the domain of this registration document.
Security considerations that apply to
application/zip
also apply to OCF files.
None.
This media type registration is for the EPUB Open Container Format (OCF), as described by the EPUB Open Container Format (OCF) 3.0 specification located at
http://www.idpf.org/epub/30/spec/epub30-ocf.html
.
The EPUB OCF 3.0 specification supersedes the Open Container Format 2.0.1 specification, which is located at
http://www.idpf.org/doc_library/epub/OCF_2.0.1_draft.doc
and which also uses the application/epub+zip media type.
This media type is in wide use for the distribution of ebooks in the EPUB format. The following list of applications is not exhaustive.
Adobe Digital Editions
Aldiko
Azardi
Apple iBooks
Barnes & Noble Nook
Calibre
Google Books
Ibis Reader
MobiPocket reader
Sony Reader
Stanza
0: PK 0x03 0x04, 30: mimetype, 38: application/epub+zip
OCF files are most often identified with the extension .epub.
ZIP
The IDPF maintains a registry of linking schemes at
http://www.idpf.org/epub/linking/
. Some of these schemes define custom fragment identifiers that resolve to application/epub+zip and application/oebps-package+xml documents.
William McCoy, [email protected]
COMMON
International Digital Publishing Forum (http://www.idpf.org)
This appendix is informative
EPUB has been developed by the International Digital Publishing Forum in a cooperative effort, bringing together publishers, vendors, software developers, and experts in the relevant standards.
The EPUB 3 specifications were prepared by the International Digital Publishing Forum’s EPUB Maintenance Working Group, operating under a charter approved by the membership in May, 2010 under the leadership of:
Active members of the working group included:
› IDPF Members
› Invited Experts/Observers
For more detailed acknowledgements and information about contributors to each version of EPUB, refer to Acknowledgements and Contributors [EPUB3Overview] .
[ContentDocs301] EPUB Content Documents 3.0.1 .
[MediaOverlays301] EPUB Media Overlays 3.0.1 .
[OCF30] Open Container Format 3.0 .
[OCF301] Open Container Format 3.0.1 .
[Publications301] EPUB Publications 3.0.1 .
[RFC2046] Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) Part Two: Media Types (RFC 2046) . November 1996.
[RFC2119] Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels (RFC 2119) . March 1997.
[RFC3986] Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax (RFC 3986) . January 2005.
[RFC3987] Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) (RFC 3987) . January 2005.
[RelaxNG] ISO/IEC 19757-2: Regular-grammar-based validation — RELAX NG. Second Edition . 2008-12-15.
[SHA-1] Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 180-3: Secure Hash Standard (SHS) . October 2008.
[TR15] Unicode Normalization Forms .
[US-ASCII] "Coded Character Set - 7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange", ANSI X3.4, 1986..
[Unicode] The Unicode Consortium. The Unicode Standard. .
[XML] Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 (Fifth Edition) . 26 November 2008.
[XML DSIG Core] XML-Signature Syntax and Processing Version 1.1 . 3 March 2011.
[XML ENC Core] XML Encryption Syntax and Processing Version 1.1 . 3 March 2011.
[XML SIG Decrypt] Decryption Transform for XML Signature . 10 December 2002.
[XML Sec RNG Schemas] XML Security RELAX NG Schemas (W3C Working Group Note) . 11 April 2013.
[XMLNS] Namespaces in XML (Third Edition) . 8 December 2009.
[XSD-DATATYPES] XML Schema Part 2: Datatypes Second Edition . 28 October 2004.
[ZIP APPNOTE 6.3.3] ZIP File Format Specification . September 28, 2007. PKWARE, Inc..
[EPUB3Changes] EPUB 3.0.1 Differences from EPUB 3.0 .
[EPUB3Overview] EPUB 3 Overview .
[ODF] Open Document Format for Office Applications (OpenDocument) v1.0 . 1 May 2005.