2 Features
This section covers the major features of EPUB, including important components and topics that apply to the
process of authoring EPUB
Publications as a whole.
2.1 Package Document
Every EPUB Publication contains at least one Rendition of its contents, each of which is represented by a Package Document.
The Package Document specifies all the resources required to render that representation of the content. The
Package Document also defines a reading order for linear consumption, and associates metadata and navigation
information for the Rendition.
The Package Document represents a significant improvement on a typical Web site. A Web site, for example,
embeds references to its resources within its content, which, while a simple and flexible means of
identifying resources, makes it difficult to enumerate all the resources required to render it. In addition,
there is no standard way for a Web site to define that a sequence of pages make up a larger publication,
which is precisely what EPUB's spine [Packages 3.1] element does (i.e., it provides an external declarative means
to explicitly specify navigation through a collection of documents). Finally, the Package Document defines a
standard way to represent metadata globally applicable to a collection of pages.
The Package Document also includes a collection [Packages 3.1] element, which allows grouping of logically-related
Publication Resources. This element exists to enable the development of specialized content
identification, processing and rendering features, such as the ability to define embedded preview content, or
assemble an index or dictionary from its constituent XHTML Content Documents.
The Package Document and other Rendition-specific constructs are specified in [Packages 3.1].
2.2 Navigation
2.2.1 Reading Order
A key concept of EPUB is that an EPUB Publication consists of multiple resources that can be completely
navigated and consumed by a person or program in some specific
order.
Many types of publication have an obvious reading order, or logical progression through their content.
A novel is an example of a highly sequential document — it typically has a beginning, middle and end —
but not all publications are so ordered: a cookbook or collection of photographic images might be
considered to be more like a database. All documents do, however, have at least one logical ordering of
all their top-level content items, whether by date, topic, location or some other criteria (e.g., a
cookbook is typically ordered by type of recipe).
Each Rendition of an EPUB Publication defines at least one such logical ordering of all its top-level
content (the spine [Packages 3.1]), as well as a
declarative table of contents (the EPUB Navigation Document
[EPUB 3.1]). EPUB Publications make these data structures available in a machine-readable
way external to the content, simplifying their discovery and
use.
EPUB Publications are not limited to the linear ordering of their contents, nor do they preclude
linking in arbitrary ways — just like the Web, EPUB Publications are built on hypertext — but the basic
consumption and navigation can be reliably accomplished in a way that is not true for a set of HTML
pages.
2.2.2 Navigation Document
Each Rendition of an EPUB Publication contains a special XHTML Content Document called the EPUB Navigation
Document, which uses the [HTML]
nav element to define human- and machine-readable navigation information.
The Navigation Document replaces the EPUB 2 NCX document [OPS2]. The Navigation
Document, while maintaining the baseline accessibility and navigation support and features of the NCX,
introduces new functionality and rendering features to enhance navigation for all Users. Prime among
these are better support for internationalization (as an XHTML document itself, the Navigation Document
natively supports ruby annotations) and support for embedded grammars (MathML and SVG can be included
within navigation links).
As XHTML Content Documents, Navigation Documents also provide a flexible means of tailoring the
navigation display using CSS and the hidden attribute [Packages 3.1] while not impacting access to information for accessible
Reading Systems.
The structure and semantics of Navigation Documents are defined in EPUB Navigation Document [Packages 3.1].
2.4 Content Documents
Each Rendition of an EPUB Publication contains one or more EPUB Content Documents, as defined in [EPUB 3.1]. These are XHTML or SVG documents that describe the readable content and reference
associated media resources (e.g., images, audio and video clips).
XHTML Content
Documents are defined by a profile of [HTML].
2.6 Rendering and CSS
A key concept of EPUB is that content presentation adapts to the User, rather than the User having to adapt
to a particular presentation of content. HTML was originally designed to support dynamic rendering of
structured content, but over time HTML as supported in Web browsers has become focused on the needs of Web
applications, and most popular Web sites now have fixed-format layouts.
EPUB Publications, however, are designed to maximize accessibility for the visually impaired, and Reading
Systems typically perform text line layout and pagination on the fly, adapting to the size of the display
area, the User's preferred font size, and other environmental factors. This behavior is not guaranteed in
EPUB; images, vector graphics, video and other non-reflowable content might be included, and some Reading
Systems might not paginate on the fly, or at all. Nevertheless, supporting dynamic adaptive layout and
accessibility has been a primary design consideration throughout the evolution of the EPUB standard.
EPUB Content Documents can reference CSS Style Sheets, allowing Authors to define the desired rendering
properties. EPUB 3.1 follows support for CSS as defined in the [CSS Snapshot].
EPUB 3.1 also supports CSS styles that enable both horizontal and vertical layout and both left-to-right
and right-to-left writing. Refer to CSS in the Global Language Support section for
more information.
EPUB 3.1 also includes the ability to provide multiple style sheets that allow users to select between
day/night reading modes or change the rendering direction of the text. Refer to [Alt Style Tags] for more information.
2.8 Fonts
EPUB 3.1 supports two closely-related font formats — OpenType [OpenType] and WOFF [WOFF]
[WOFF2] — to accommodate both traditional publishing workflows and emerging Web-based
workflows. Word processing programs used to create EPUB Publications are likely to have access only to a
collection of installed OpenType fonts, for example, whereas Web-archival EPUB generators will likely only
have access to WOFF resources (which cannot be converted to OpenType without undesirable, and potentially
unlicensed, stripping of WOFF metadata).
EPUB 3.1 also supports both obfuscated and regular font resources for both OpenType and WOFF font formats.
Support for obfuscated font resources is required to accommodate font licensing restrictions for many
commercially-available fonts.
2.9 Scripting
EPUB strives to treat content declaratively — as data that can be
manipulated, not programs to be executed — but does support scripting as defined in [HTML]
and SVG (refer to Scripting [Content Docs 3.1] for more information).
It is important to note, however, that EPUB 3 does not require scripting support in Reading Systems, and
scripting might be disabled for security reasons.
Authors need to be aware that scripting in an EPUB Publication can create security considerations that are
different from scripting within a Web browser. For example, typical same-origin policies are not applicable
to content that has been downloaded to a User's local system. Therefore, it is strongly encouraged that
scripting be limited to container constrained contexts, as further described in Scripted Content Documents — Content Conformance [Content Docs 3.1].
In other words, consider limiting scripting to cases where it is essential to the User experience, since it
greatly increases the likelihood that content will not be portable across all Reading Systems and creates
barriers to accessibility and content reusability.
2.10 Text-to-speech
EPUB 3.1 provides the following text-to-speech (TTS) facilities for controlling aspects of speech
synthesis, such as pronunciation, prosody and voice characteristics:
- Pronunciation Lexicons
-
The inclusion of generic pronunciation lexicons using the W3C PLS format [PLS] enables Authors to provide pronunciation rules that apply to the entire EPUB Publication.
Refer to Pronunciation Lexicons [Content Docs 3.1] for more
information.
- Inline SSML Phonemes
-
The incorporation of SSML phonemes functionality [SSML] directly into a
EPUB Content Document enables
fine-grained pronunciation control, taking precedence over default pronunciation rules and/or
referenced pronunciation lexicons (as provided by the PLS format mentioned above). Refer to
SSML Attributes [Content Docs 3.1] for more
information.
2.11 Container
An EPUB Publication is transported and interchanged as a single file (a "portable document") that contains
the Package Documents, all Content Documents and all other required resources for processing the included
Renditions. The single-file container format for EPUB is based on the widely adopted ZIP format, and an XML
document that identifies the location of the Package Document for each Rendition in the ZIP archive is
located at a pre-defined location within the archive.
This approach provides a clear contract between any creator of an EPUB Publication and any system which
consumes such EPUB Publications, as well as a reliable representation that is independent of network
transport or file system specifics.
An EPUB Publication's representation as a container file is specified in [OCF 3.1].
3 Global Language Support
3.2 Content Documents
XHTML Content Documents leverage the HTML directionality features to improve support for bidirectional
content rendering: the bdi element allows an instance of directional text to be isolated
from the surrounding content, the bdo element allows directionality to be overridden for its
child content and the dir attribute allows the directionality of any element to be
explicitly set.
XHTML Content Documents also support ruby annotations for pronunciation support (which makes them supported
in Navigation Document links, as well).
SVG Content Documents support the rendering of bidirectional text, but do not include support for
ruby.
3.3 CSS
EPUB 3.1's support for CSS3 modules enables typography for many different languages and cultures. Some
specific enhancements include:
-
support for vertical writing, which also provides Reading Systems the ability to allow users to
toggle direction;
-
better handling of emphasis, such as the inclusion of bōten;
-
better control over line breaking, so that breaks can occur at the character level for languages
that do not use spaces to delimit new words; and
-
better control over hyphenation, to further facilitate line breaking.
3.4 Fonts
EPUB 3.1 does not require that Reading Systems come with any particular set of built-in system fonts. As
occurs in Web contexts, Users in a particular locale might have installed fonts that omit characters required
for other locales, and Reading Systems might utilize intrinsic fonts or font engines that do not utilize
operating system installed fonts. As a result, the text content of an EPUB Publication might not natively
render as intended on all Reading Systems.
To address this problem, EPUB 3.1 supports the embedding of fonts to facilitate the rendering of text
content, and this practice is advised in order to ensure content is rendered as intended.
Support for embedded fonts also ensures that characters and glyphs unique to an EPUB Publication can be
embedded for proper display.
3.5 Text-to-speech
EPUB 3.1's support for PLS documents and SSML attributes increases the pronunciation control that Authors
have over the rendering of any natural language in text-to-speech-enabled Reading Systems. Refer to Text-to-speech in the Features section for more information on these capabilities.
The combination of CSS Speech and inline SSML phonemes also allows fine control over ruby.
3.6 Container
The OCF container format supports UTF-8, allowing for internationalized file and directory naming of
content resources.
4 Accessibility
A major goal of EPUB is to facilitate content accessibility, and a variety of features in EPUB 3.1 support this
requirement. This section reviews these features, detailing some established best practices for ensuring that
EPUB Publications are accessible where applicable.
EPUB 3.1 also includes an Accessibility specification [EPUB Accessibility] that leverages the extensive
work done to make Web content accessible in [WCAG 2.0]. The specification defines requirements
for the production of EPUB Publications that can be accessed by a wide range of users. It is accompanied by a
techniques document that outlines best practices for meeting the requirements.
It is important to note that while accessibility is important in its own right, accessible content is also more
valuable content: an accessible EPUB Publication will be adaptable to more devices and be easier to reuse, in
whole or in part, via human and automated workflows. The EPUB Working Group strongly recommends that Authors
ensure that they generate accessible content.
4.1 Navigation
EPUB 3.1 improves on NCX documents with the addition of EPUB Navigation Documents. As noted in Navigation Document above, the navigation features represent a more universal and flexible
navigation system.
The Navigation Document can also be reused in the body of an EPUB Publication by including it in the
spine. To avoid the situation in highly structured documents where it might not be
desirable to display the complete table of contents to Users in the body, the display level can be modified
using the [HTML]
hidden attribute. This attribute is ignored by Reading Systems when they render the
table of contents outside the spine (e.g., in their own specialized views), which avoids
minimizing the information that is available.
Authors are also encouraged to supply additional nav elements if their EPUB Publications
contain non-structural points of interest, such as figures, tables, etc. in order to further enhance access
to the content.
4.2 Semantic Markup
[HTML] supports a number of elements that make markup more semantically meaningful
(e.g., section, nav and aside) and introduces more clearly
defined semantics for some HTML4 elements. Make use of these elements, in conjunction with best practices for
authoring well-structured Web content, when creating EPUB XHTML Content Documents. These additions allow
content to be better grouped and defined, both for representing the structure of documents and to facilitate
their logical navigation. XHTML Content Documents also natively support the inclusion of ARIA role and state
attributes and events, enhancing the ability of Assistive Technologies to interact with the content.
EPUB 3.1 includes the epub:type attribute, which is meant to be functionally equivalent to the W3C Role
Attribute [Role]. This attribute allows any element in an XHTML Content
Document to include additional information about its purpose and meaning within the work, using controlled
vocabularies and terms. Refer to XHTML Semantic Inflection [Content Docs 3.1] for more information.
4.3 Dynamic Layouts
The design center of EPUB is dynamic layout: content is typically intended to be formatted on the fly
rather than being typeset in a paginated manner in advance (i.e., expecting a particular sized "page"). This
core capability is useful, for example, for optimizing rendering onto different sized device screens or
window sizes, and it facilitates and simplifies content accessibility.
While it is possible to incorporate more highly formatted content in EPUB — for example via bitmap images
or SVG graphics, or even use of CSS explicit positioning and/or table elements to achieve particular visual
layouts — Authors are strongly discouraged from utilizing such techniques. They are not reliable in EPUB
since many Reading Systems render content in a paginated manner rather than creating a single scrolling
Viewport and since each
Reading System might define its own pagination algorithm. If these techniques are necessary to convey the
content of the publication, consider including fallbacks [EPUB 3.1] (e.g., for graphic novels).
In general, it is preferable to achieve visual richness by using CSS Style Sheets without absolute sizing
or positioning.
4.4 Aural Renditions and Media Overlays
Aural renderings of content are important for accessibility and are a desirable feature for many other
Users. A baseline to facilitate aural rendering is to utilize semantic HTML designed for dynamic layout.
Refer to Text-to-speech for more information on how to use the native facilities that EPUB XHTML
Documents include.
Media Overlays provide the ability to synchronize the text and audio content of an EPUB Publication, a
feature already familiar to readers of DAISY Digital Talking Books. Overlays transcend the accessibility
domain in their usefulness: the synchronization of text and audio as a tool for learning to read, for
example, being of benefit in many circumstances.
4.5 Fallbacks
Not all formats are accessible in their native format, and not all Users prefer to read in the default
format provided. EPUB defines a variety of means for providing fallbacks so that alternate renderings can be
made available in these cases.
Publication- and content-level fallbacks are defined in Foreign Resources [EPUB 3.1]. These fallback mechanisms enable the inclusion
of Foreign Resources in an EPUB Publication and ensure compatibility of EPUB 3.1 content across Reading
Systems with varying capabilities (e.g., they allow the inclusion of multiple video formats, and the
inclusion of XHTML fallbacks to SVG Content Documents for EPUB 2 Reading Systems).
In addition, multiple instances of a complete work can be delivered in a single EPUB Publication by
defining multiple rootfile elements in the OCF container file (as described in Container File (container.xml) [OCF 3.1]). These alternate
Rendition fallbacks might be used, for example, so that a formatted graphic novel defined via a sequence of
SVG pages can be accompanied by an accessible text version defined via XHTML.
4.6 Scripting
EPUB 3.1 adopts a progressive enhancement approach for scripted content, whereby scripting has to not
interfere with the integrity of the document (i.e., not result in information loss when scripting is not
available). Consequently, although documents that do employ scripting can provide fallbacks [Content Docs 3.1] to further facilitate
access to their contents, the documents have to be accessible without them.
Ensure that you always implement best practices for accessible scripting in Web documents, such as provided
in [WAI-ARIA], and reserve the use of scripting for situations in which interactivity is
critical to the User experience.
Acknowledgements and Contributors
This section is informative
EPUB 3.1
EPUB has been developed by the International Digital Publishing Forum in a cooperative effort, bringing together
publishers, vendors, software developers, and experts in the relevant standards.
The EPUB 3.1 specifications were prepared by the International Digital Publishing Forum’s EPUB Maintenance Working
Group, operating under a charter approved by the membership in July 2015, under the leadership of:
- Gylling, Markus (International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)) Chair
- Siegman, Tzviya (John Wiley & Sons) Chair
- Conboy, Garth (Google Inc.) Vice-chair
- Duga, Brady (Google Inc.) Vice-chair
Active members of the working group at the time of publication of revision 3.0 were:
IDPF Members
- Albert, Paolo (PubCoder)
- Audrain, Luc (Hachette Livre)
- Bailey, Brent (Elsevier)
- Baker, Mike (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt)
- Balakrishnan, Ramu (MPS Limited)
- Belfanti, Paul (Pearson)
- Bell, Graham (EDItEUR)
- Bogan, Robert (Baker & Taylor)
- Bowers, Micah (Bluefire Productions)
- Burrows, Phil (VitalSource/Ingram Content Group)
- Challman, Lauren (Kaplan Publishing)
- Cho, Yong-Sang (KERIS (Korea Education and Research Information Service))
- Cleghorn, Tom (Cambridge University Press)
- Comerford, Rachel (Macmillan)
- Conboy, Garth (Google)
- Corona, Juan (Evident Point)
- Cramer, Dave (Hachette Book Group)
- Creasy, Keith (American Printing House for the Blind, Inc.)
- Davis, Greg (Pearson)
- DeMeglio, Marisa (DAISY Consortium)
- Deltour, Romain (DAISY Consortium)
- Duga, Brady (Google)
- Gardeur, Hadrien (Feedbooks)
- Geffroy, Jean-Marie (Mantano)
- Gusso, Lina (Pearson)
- Gylling, Markus (International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF))
- Haase, David (Penguin Random House)
- Hanson, Lauren (Kaplan Publishing)
- Harris, Eric (VitalSource/Ingram Content Group)
- Heinser, Bernhard (Access for All)
- Herman, Ivan (W3C) W3C Liaison
- Idan, Ori (Helicon Books)
- Jay, Michael (Educational Systemics)
- Johnson, Rick (VitalSource/Ingram Content Group)
- Jung, Eunmi (KERIS (Korea Education and Research Information Service))
- Kanai, Takeshi (Sony)
- Kasdorf, Bill (Apex CoVantage)
- Keating, Patrick (Bluefire Productions)
- Kennedy, Naomi (Penguin Random House)
- Kerscher, George (DAISY Consortium)
- Khramov, Yuri (Readium)
- Kleinfeld, Sanders (O'Reilly)
- Koike, Toshiaki (Voyager Japan)
- Labordrie, Cyril (EDRLab)
- LaPierre, Charles (Benetech)
- Leo, Arthic (Amnet Systems)
- Levantovsky, Vladimir (Monotype)
- Levenson, Yonah (Pearson)
- Lin, Beatrice (KERIS (Korea Education and Research Information Service))
- Lui, Edwina (Kaplan Publishing)
- McCoy, Bill (IDPF)
- Mietkiewicz, Elie (Gutenberg Technology)
- Mitchell, Chris (Hachette Book Group)
- Moua, Nou (Kaplan Publishing)
- Murata, Makoto (JEPA EPUB Study Group)
- Mussinelli, Christina (Associazione Italiana Editori)
- Owens, Evan (Cenveo Publisher Services)
- Prabhu, John (HOV Services)
- Pritchett, James (Learning Ally)
- Rosenthol, Leonard (Adobe Systems)
- Shyne, Mary (Penguin Random House)
- Siegman, Tzviya (John Wiley & Sons)
- Singh, Avneesh (DAISY Consortium)
- Soiffer, Neil (Design Science)
- Swick, Ralph (W3C)
- Tallent, Joshua (eBookArchitects)
- Thurston, Jonathan (Pearson)
- Webster, Amaya (Benetech)
- Weck, Daniel (DAISY Consortium)
- Wright, Ric (Readium Foundation)
Invited Experts/Observers
- Andrews, David
- Bonelli, Giuseppe
- Brady, Laura
- Etemad, Elika J. W3C CSS WG Liaison
- Garrish, Matt
- Glazman, Daniel
- Hawkins, Kevin
- Kaplansky, Jean
- Kudou, Tomoyuki
- Leva, Paolo
- Marquès Solé, Daniel
- McGlone, Jonathan
- Morris, Julie
- Munchenburger, Manfred
- Rasmussen, Lloyd
- Reddy, Ramesh
- Rothberg, Madeleine
- Sheehan, John
- White, Jason
EPUB 3.0
Version 3.0 of this specification was prepared by the International Digital Publishing Forum’s EPUB Maintenance
Working Group under the leadership of:
- Gylling, Markus (International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)) Chair
- Conboy, Garth (Google Inc.) Vice-chair
- Duga, Brady (Google Inc.) Vice-chair, Subgroup Lead
- McCoy, Bill (International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF)) Secretary
- Kasdorf, Bill (Apex CoVantage) Subgroup Lead
- MURATA, Makoto (JEPA EPUB Study Group) Subgroup Lead
- Sorotokin, Peter (Adobe) Subgroup Lead
Active members of the working group at the time of publication of revision 3.0 were:
IDPF Members
- Abrams, Willie (Ingram Digital)
- Acton, Daniel (Google)
- Allesi, Ana Maria (HarperCollins)
- Amos, Dan (DNAML (DNL eBooks))
- Arany, Steve (John Wiley & Sons)
- Artin, Michael (Barnes & Noble)
- Badger, Brandon (Google)
- Ballard, Kevin (Apple Inc.)
- Beard, Elliot (HarperCollins)
- Belfanti, Paul (Pearson)
- Bell, Graham (EDItEUR)
- Bell, Jeff (Microsoft)
- Bide, Mark (EDItEUR)
- Bogaty, Nick (Adobe)
- Bowers, Micah (Bluefire Productions)
- Brantley, Peter (Internet Archive)
- Breglio, Melissa (Apple Inc.)
- Broome, Karen (Sony)
- Brugge, John (Benetech)
- Carbonell, Oliver (Sony)
- Chang, Phobos (Chinese Foundation for Digitization Technology)
- Chen, Mei-Li (Institute for Information Industry)
- Chen, Peter (ITRI)
- Choi, Soo (HarperCollins)
- Chow, King-Wai (ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science & Technology Research Institute))
- Clutter, Mat (Random House)
- Conboy, Garth (Google)
- Cramer, Dave (Hachette Book Group)
- Cronin, Margot (Bowker)
- Daly, Liza (Threepress)
- De Meulemeester, Eric (Jouve/Publishing Dimensions)
- DeMeglio, Marisa (DAISY Consortium)
- Deltour, Romain (DAISY Consortium)
- Dougherty, Casey (Apple Inc.)
- Drake, Jama (Impelsys)
- Duga, Brady (Google)
- Elliott, Ray (Crossway)
- Fahlgren, Keith (Threepress)
- Fain, Guy (Crossway)
- Freese, Eric (Aptara)
- Gardeur, Hadrien (Feedbooks)
- Gold, Eric (Digital Divide Data)
- Goodwin, Jonathan (Appfoundry)
- Gopinath, Anith (Impelsys)
- Gosling, Andreas (Penguin)
- Grazioli, Frank (John Wiley & Sons)
- Gunn, Dave (RNIB)
- Gylling, Markus (International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF))
- Haas, Matt (Pearson)
- Hadfield, Tom (CourseSmart)
- Hagino, Masaaki (Voyager Japan)
- Hawkins, Kevin (University of Michigan Library)
- Hayashi, Junichi (Voyager Japan)
- Heiberger, Richard (HarperCollins)
- Hepp, Mike (Dartmouth Journal Services)
- Herren, Matthew (BlankPage)
- Hisashi, Saiga (Sharp)
- Hoda, Hisashi (Voyager Japan)
- Howard, William (Easypress)
- Hughes, Dan (Liguori Publications)
- Hulse, Leslie (HarperCollins)
- Imsieke, Gerrit (le-tex)
- Jain, Anupam (Innodata Isogen)
- Jie, Fan (Gansu DUZHE Digital Sci&Tech)
- Johnson, Rick (Ingram Digital)
- Jung, Kanghee (Incube Technologies)
- Kakar, Samir (Aptara)
- Kanai, Takeshi (Sony)
- Kasdorf, Bill (Apex CoVantage)
- Kasher, Bob (BookMasters and Newgen Imaging)
- Kato, Kazuyuki (East Co.)
- Keating, Patrick (Bluefire Productions)
- Kerscher, George (DAISY Consortium)
- Kida, Yasuo (Apple Inc.)
- Kim, Jean (Barnes & Noble)
- Kim, HyunYoung (Incube Technologies)
- Kim, Terry (INKA Entworks)
- Kitagawa, Masahiro (Impress Holdings)
- Koike, Toshiaki (Voyager Japan)
- Kok, Dan (Crossway)
- Kotrch, Steve (Simon & Schuster)
- Larroque, Benoit (Feedbooks)
- Levantovsky, Vladimir (Monotype Imaging)
- Lu, Cho-Chin (Institute for Information Industry)
- Lynch, Ryan (Apple Inc.)
- MacFarlane, James (Easypress)
- Makower, Dave (Apple Inc.)
- Mandelbaum, David (Barnes & Noble)
- Manis, Will (Metaplates)
- McCloy-Kelley, Liisa (Random House)
- McCoy, Bill (IDPF)
- Menzies, Tracey (HarperCollins)
- Mitchell, Chris (Random House)
- Moore, Helen (HarperCollins)
- Muller, Eric (Adobe)
- Murata, Makoto (JEPA EPUB Study Group)
- Mussinelli, Christina (Associazione Italiana Editori)
- Nagai, Yoshinori (Sharp)
- Novelli, Joe (Sony)
- O'Connor, Theresa (Apple Inc.)
- Ohmura, Yoshinori (Impress Holdings)
- Olenick, Michael (Bowker)
- Oshiyama, Taka (East Co.)
- Pagano, Pat (Barnes & Noble)
- Picco, Marty (AppFoundry)
- Prabhu, John (HOV Services)
- Pritchett, James (Learning Ally (formerly RFB&D))
- Rao, Vishnu (Sharp Laboratories)
- Rivlin, John (Google)
- Rubino, Frank (Kaplan Publishing)
- Ruffino, Daniel (Penguin)
- Rui Hua, Wang (Gansu DUZHE Digital Sci&Tech)
- Ruse, Tyler (LibreDigital)
- Sanicola, Daniel (Penguin)
- Schirmer, Lorenz (Monotype Imaging)
- Severdia, Ron (Metrodigi, Inc.)
- Shiohama, Daihei (Voyager Japan)
- Shrivastava, Abhishek (CourseSmart)
- Siegman, Tzviya (John Wiley & Sons)
- Slavin, Wayne (Barnes & Noble)
- Slye, Christopher (Adobe)
- Smith, Michael (IDPF)
- Soiffer, Neil (Design Science)
- Sorotokin, Peter (Adobe)
- Stevenson, Tobias (eBookArchitects)
- Tahara, Kyoji (Toppan Printing)
- Takase, Hiroshi (East Co.)
- Tallent, Joshua (eBookArchitects)
- Tanabe, Shu (Toppan Printing)
- Thomas, Vinu (Impelsys)
- Tsumagari, Koichiro (Voyager Japan)
- Valentine, Chelsea (LibreDigital)
- Vangage, Peter (Harlequin)
- Vido, Ariel (Geografica Editora)
- Wait, John (Pearson)
- Walkley, George (Hachette Book Group)
- Watters, Kevin (Harlequin)
- Webster, Roger (Barnes & Noble)
- Weck, Daniel (DAISY Consortium)
- Wei, Selena (Chinese Foundation for Digitization Technology)
- White, Russell (Random House)
- Wiles, Alexis (Overdrive, Inc.)
- Witwer, Adam (O'Reilly)
- Wright, Rick (Adobe)
- Young, Liz (Crossway)
- Zu, Alex (ASTRI (Hong Kong Applied Science & Technology Research Institute))
Invited Experts/Observers
- Bowes, Rick
- Cazenove, Rhys
- Collingridge, Peter
- Cook, Mike
- Etemad, Elika J. W3C CSS WG Liaison
- Forster, Karen
- Freed, Geoff
- Fujisawa, Jun
- Garrish, Matt
- Gould, Bryan
- Görner, Martin
- Hsieh, Michael
- Ishii, Koji
- Johar, Kenny
- Karlsson, Mattias
- Kennedy, Dianne
- Kilborn, Peter
- Koppel, Josh
- Lee, Tommy
- Lu, Kenny
- Lubeck, Scott
- Masanori, Kusunoki
- McKinney, Steven
- Murakami, Shinyu
- Ning, Elliott
- Noring, Jon
- Norton, Paul
- Oishi, Yasuharu
- Passey, Lee
- Rosmaita, Gregory
- Seaman, David
- Shan, Walter
- Smith(tm), Michael (W3C) W3C Liaison
- Sperberg, Roger
- Walsh, Norman
- Zergaoui, Mohamed
EPUB 2.0.1
Version 2.0.1 of this specification was prepared by the International Digital Publishing Forum’s EPUB Maintenance
Working Group under the leadership of:
- Conboy, Garth (
eBook Technologies
) Working Group Vice-chair
- Kerscher, George (
DAISY Consortium
) Working Group Chair
Active members of the working group at the time of publication of revision 2.0.1 were:
- Wiles, Alexis (
OverDrive
)
- Wise, Alicia (
Publishers Licensing Society
)
- Moghaddami, Amir (
National Library and Archives of Iran
)
- Gosling, Andreas (
Penguin UK
)
- Williams, Andy (
Cambridge University Press
)
- Jain, Anupam (
Innodata Isogen
)
- Trafford, Ben (
Invited Expert
)
- Larroque, Benoit (
Feedbooks
)
- McCoy, Bill (
Invited Expert
)
- Kasdorf, Bill (
Apex CoVantage
)
- Kasher, Bob (
The BookMasters Group
)
- Duga, Brady (
eBook Technologies
)
- Laws, Byron (
PreMedia Global
)
- Zekri, Catherine (
University of Montreal
)
- Kennedy, Chris (
Pearson Education
)
- Podolsky, Corey (
Entourage Systems Inc.
)
- Mussinelli, Cristina (
AIE
)
- Daihei, Shiohama (
Voyager Japan
)
- Amos, Dan (
DNAML
)
- Galperin, Dan (
Kobo
)
- Kok, Dan (
Crossway Books and Bibles
)
- Cramer, Dave (
Hachette Book Group USA
)
- Gunn, Dave (
RNIB Centre for Accessible Information
)
- Mandelbaum, David (
Barnes&Noble.com
)
- Roberts, Deidra (
World Health Organization
)
- Goyette, Donald (
McGraw-Hill Professional
)
- Freese, Eric (
Aptara
)
- Gold, Eric (
Digital Divide Data
)
- Muller, Eric (
Adobe
)
- Shepherd, Gregory (
Cengage Learning
)
- Fain, Guy (
Crossway Books & Bibles
)
- Gardeur, Hadrien (
Feedbooks
)
- Hoda, Hisashi (
Voyager Japan
)
- Fernández Galván, Ignacio
- Viente, Israel (
Mendele He-Books
)
- Link, Jim (
Macmillan Publishing Solutions
)
- MacFarlane, James (
Easypress Technologies
)
- Rura, Jim (
Educational Testing Service
)
- Crossman, John (
Benetech
)
- Prabhu, John (
HOV Services
)
- Rivlin, John (
eBook Technologies
)
- Wait, John (
Pearson Education
)
- Noring, Jon (
Invited Expert
)
- Tallent, Joshua (
eBook Architects
)
- Broome, Karen (
Sony
)
- Fahlgren, Keith (
Threepress Consulting
)
- Johar, Kenny (
Vision Australia
)
- Casey, Laurie (
Pearson
)
- Rzedzicki, Lech (
Pearson UK
)
- McCloy-Kelley, Liisa (
Random House
)
- Humphreys, Lindy (
Wiley/ Blackwell Books
)
- Daly, Liza (
Theepress Consulting
)
- Murata, Makoto (
JEPA EPUB Study Group
)
- Croella, Marco (
Simplicissimus Book Farm
)
- Gylling, Markus (
DAISY Consortium
)
- Karlsson, Mattias (
Dolphin Computer Access AB
)
- Smith, Michael (
IDPF
)
- Soiffer, Neil (
Design Science
)
- Genner, Noah (
BookNet Canada
)
- Pagano, Pat (
HarperCollins
)
- Payton, Patricia (
Bowker
)
- Barry, Patrick (
The Educational Company of Ireland
)
- Berube, Patrick (
LEARN
)
- Durrant, Paul (
Durrant Software Limited
)
- Norton, Paul (
Invited Expert
)
- Reid, Penelope (
EPUB User Group (UK)
)
- Huang, Perce (
Far EasTone Telecommunications
)
- Brantley, Peter (
Internet Archive
)
- Sorotokin, Peter (
Adobe
)
- Heiberger, Richard (
HarperCollins Publishers
)
- Kwan, Richard (
Invited Expert
)
- White, Russell (
Random House
)
- Kakar, Samir (
Aptara
)
- Pamarty, Satya (
codeMantra
)
- Cook, Scott (
codeMantra
)
- Ramsey, Sean (
LibreDigital
)
- Padgett, Siobahn (
Hachette BG USA
)
- Arany, Steve (
John Wiley & Sons
)
- Kanai, Takeshi (
Sony
)
- Swiderski, Thad (
LibreDigital
)
- Middleton, Tim (
BookNet Canada
)
- Conti, Trudy (
Follett
)
- Ruse, Tyler (
LibreDigital
)
- Howard, William (
EasyPress Technologies
)
EPUB 1.0
Version 1.0 of this specification was prepared by the International Digital Publishing Forum’s Unified OEBPS
Container Format Working Group under the leadership of:
- Conboy, Garth (
eBook Technologies
) Working Group Co-Chair
- Rivlin, John (
eBook Technologies
) Working Group Co-Chair
- Ferraiolo, Jon (
IBM
) Working Group Vice-Chair
- Bogaty, Nick (
IDPF
) Working Group Secretary
Active members of the working group at the time of publication of revision 1.0 were:
- Allen, Kelley L. (
Random House
)
- Ancin, Angel (
iRex Technologies
)
- Bandy, Ryan (
Random House
)
- Bellaver, Richard (
Ball State University
)
- Brethes, Thierry (
Mobipocket
)
- Carter, Janice (
Benetech/Bookshare.org
)
- Cohn, Richard (
Adobe Systems Inc.
)
- De Young, Neil (
Hachette Book Group USA
)
- Do, Linh N. (
Random House, Inc.
)
- Freed, Geoff (
WGBH
)
- Gang, Liang (
TriWorks Asia
)
- Ghali, Peter (
Motricity, ereader.com
)
- Hakkinen, Markku T. (
DAISY Consortium
)
- Harrison, Gillian (
NetLibrary
)
- Hevenstone, Jonathan (
Publishing Dimensions
)
- Horner, Theresa (
HarperCollins
)
- Iannone, Karen (
Houghton Mifflin
)
- Israel, Claire (
Simon & Schuster
)
- Karlsson, Mattias (
Dolphin Computer Access
)
- Kasdorf, Bill (
Apex Publishing
)
- Kerscher, George (
DAISY Consortium
)
- Kotrch, Steve (
Simon & Schuster
)
- McCoy, Bill (
Adobe Systems, Inc.
)
- McKenna, Bill (
Follett
)
- Melton, Bonnie (
Houghton Mifflin College Division
)
- Noring, Jon (
OpenReader Consortium
)
- Osayande, Sayu (
Motricity, ereader.com
)
- Passey, Lee
- Potash, Steve (
OverDrive
)
- Ruse, Tyler (
Codemantra
)
- Smith, Mike (
Harlequin
)
- Sugeno, Kimi (
John Wiley & Sons
)
- Varnell, Gary (
Osoft.com
)
- Wang, Xin (
ContentGuard, Inc.
)
- Weinstein, Andrew (
Lightning Source
)
- Whitcomb, Tom (
NetLibrary
)
- Williams, Andy (
Cambridge University Press
)
- Willner, Eli (
Green Point Technology Services
)
